Toward Communism Past Capitalism: From Marxist Theory to Communist Practice
The article analyzes the evolution of the Marxist concept of the transition to communism in countries where capitalism has not yetdeveloped (mainly colonial and dependent countries of the East) until the emergence of the USSR. If initially K. Marx and F.Engels saw a one-line perspective of the development of the countries of the East, when they eventually repeat the path of Europe, then under the influence of narodniki’s criticism, the view of the "classics" in 1877-1882. It has become morecomplicated: in the case of a successful proletarian revolution in the West, countries such as Russia, in principle, can bypasscapitalism, being in close alliance with the communist West. This problem was discussed in the German social democracy, whoserepresentatives did not exclude the use of the resources of the colonies for the construction of socialism (but on condition of humanization and democratization of the situation in the colonies). The victory of Bolshevism in Russia put into practice theproblem of creating socialism in a country where capitalism has not yet exhausted its modernization potential. If this wasconsidered possible in Russia, then the question arose that the countries of the East, in which capitalism is in its infancy, could gothis way. Moreover, the resources of the periphery of the former Russian Empire were required for the implementation of the communist project. The desire to obtain these resources and spaces gave rise to the phenomenon of the "colonial revolution",which was completed with the formation of the republics of the USSR in 1922-1925. The experience of interaction with Muslimpeoples and the tasks of confrontation with the Entente pushed the Soviet leadership to intensify its Eastern foreign policy. First, the Socialist-revolutionary maximalist K. Troyanovsky, and then the theorists of the Comintern, led by V. Lenin, came to the conclusion that it was possible to establish Soviet power in the East despite the absence of a large working class there and theneed for the countries of the East to move towards communism bypassing capitalism in alliance with Soviet Russia. This is how the concept of modernization, an alternative to the capitalist path, was formulated.
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