Toward Communism Past Capitalism: From Marxist Theory to Communist Practice
The article analyzes the evolution of the Marxist concept of the transition to communism in countries where capitalism has not yetdeveloped (mainly colonial and dependent countries of the East) until the emergence of the USSR. If initially K. Marx and F.Engels saw a one-line perspective of the development of the countries of the East, when they eventually repeat the path of Europe, then under the influence of narodniki’s criticism, the view of the "classics" in 1877-1882. It has become morecomplicated: in the case of a successful proletarian revolution in the West, countries such as Russia, in principle, can bypasscapitalism, being in close alliance with the communist West. This problem was discussed in the German social democracy, whoserepresentatives did not exclude the use of the resources of the colonies for the construction of socialism (but on condition of humanization and democratization of the situation in the colonies). The victory of Bolshevism in Russia put into practice theproblem of creating socialism in a country where capitalism has not yet exhausted its modernization potential. If this wasconsidered possible in Russia, then the question arose that the countries of the East, in which capitalism is in its infancy, could gothis way. Moreover, the resources of the periphery of the former Russian Empire were required for the implementation of the communist project. The desire to obtain these resources and spaces gave rise to the phenomenon of the "colonial revolution",which was completed with the formation of the republics of the USSR in 1922-1925. The experience of interaction with Muslimpeoples and the tasks of confrontation with the Entente pushed the Soviet leadership to intensify its Eastern foreign policy. First, the Socialist-revolutionary maximalist K. Troyanovsky, and then the theorists of the Comintern, led by V. Lenin, came to the conclusion that it was possible to establish Soviet power in the East despite the absence of a large working class there and theneed for the countries of the East to move towards communism bypassing capitalism in alliance with Soviet Russia. This is how the concept of modernization, an alternative to the capitalist path, was formulated.
References
Баллод К. Государство будущего. М.: Государственное книгоиздательство, 1921. Ballod K. Gosudarstvo budushchego. M.: Gosudarstvennoe knigoizdatel'stvo, 1921.[The State of the Future.]
Второй конгресс Коминтерна, июль-август 1920 г. М.: Институт Маркса-Энгельса-Ленина при ЦК ВКП(б), 1934. Vtoroj kongress Kominterna, iyul'-avgust 1920 g. M.: Institut Marksa-Engel'sa-Lenina pri CK VKP(b), 1934. [Second Congress of the Comintern, July-August 1920]
Декреты Советской власти. М.: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1957. Dekrety Sovetskoj vlasti. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoj literatury, 1957. [Decrees of Soviet power]
Каутский К. Пролетариат и общественный строй. Одесса: Буревестник, 1905. Kautskij K. Proletariat i obshchestvennyj stroj. Odessa: Burevestnik, 1905. [The proletariat and the social order.]
Коммунистический интернационал в документах. 1919-1932. М.: Партийное издательство, 1933. Kommunisticheskijinternacional v dokumentah. 1919-1932. M.: Partijnoe izdatel'stvo, 1933.[Communist International in documents. 1919-1932].
Ленин В.И. Полное собрание сочинений. Т. 23, 39, 41. М.: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1961. Lenin V.I. Polnoe sobranie sochinenij. T. 23, 39, 41. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoj literatury, 1961. [Complete Works]
Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Сочинения. Т. 7, 9, 19. М.: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1956. Marks K., Engel's F. Sochineniya. T. 7, 9, 19. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoj literatury, 1956. [Works].
Музей "Кабинет и квартира В.И. Ленина в Кремле". Книга поступлений №10-11. Muzej "Kabinet i kvartira V.I. Lenina vKremle". Kniga postuplenij №10-11. [Museum “Lenin's office and apartment in the Kremlin. Book of receipts № 10-11.]
Персиц М.А. Застенчивая интервенция. О советском вторжении в Иран и Бухару в 1920-1921 гг. М.: Муравей-Гайд, 1999. Persic M.A. Zastenchivaya intervenciya. O sovetskom vtorzhenii v Iran i Buharu v 1920-1921 gg. M.: Muravej-Gajd, 1999. [Shy Intervention. On the Soviet invasion of Iran and Bukhara in 1920-1921]
Погорельский И.В. История Хивинской революции и Хрезмс-кой народной советской республики 1917-1924 гг. Ленинград: ЛГУ, 1984. Pogorel'skij I.V. Istoriya Hivinskoj revolyucii i Horezmskoj narodnoj sovetskoj respubliki 1917-1924 gg. Leningrad: LGU, 1984. [History of the Khiva Revolution and Khresm People's Soviet Republic 1917-1924].
Протоколы I и II всероссийских съездов коммунистических организаций народов Востока. Москва, 1918, 1919 годы. М., СПб.: Институт российской истории РАН; Центр гуманитарных инициатив, 2017. Protokoly I i II vserossijskih s"ezdovkommunisticheskih organizacij narodov Vostoka. Moskva, 1918, 1919 gody. M., SPb.: Institut rossijskoj istorii RAN; Centr gumanitarnyh iniciativ, 2017. [Protocols of the I and II All-Russian Congresses of Communist Organizations of the Peoples of the East. Moscow, 1918, 1919].
Сафаров Г. Колониальная революция (опыт Туркестана). Пг.: Государственное издательство, 1921. Safarov G. Kolonial'nayarevolyuciya (opyt Turkestana). Pg.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1921. [Colonial Revolution (Experience of Turkestan)].
Сталин И.В. Сочинения. Т. 4. М.: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1947. Stalin I.V. Sochineniya. T. 4. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoj literatury, 1947.[Works]
Тайны национальной политики ЦК РКП. «Четвертое совещание ЦК РКП с ответственными работниками национальных республик и областей в г. Москве 9-12 июня 1923 г.» Стенографический отчет. М.: ИНСАН, 1992. Tajny nacional'nojpolitiki CK RKP. «CHetvertoe soveshchanie CK RKP s otvetstvennymi rabotnikami nacional'nyh respublik i oblastej v g. Moskve 9-12 iyunya 1923 g.» Stenograficheskij otchet. M.: INSAN, 1992. [Secrets of the national policy of the Central Committee of the RCP. “The Fourth Meeting of the Central Committee of the RCP with responsible workers of the national republics and regions in Moscow, June 9-12, 1923.”]
Трояновский К.М. Восток и революция. Попытка построения новой политической программы для туземных стран Востока – Индии, Персии и Китая. М.: Издательство Всероссийского Центрального Исполнительного Комитета Советов Р., С., К. и К. Депутатов, 1918. Troyanovskij K.M. Vostok i revolyuciya. Popytka postroeniya novoj politicheskoj programmy dlyatuzemnyh stran Vostoka – Indii, Persii i Kitaya. M.: Izdatel'stvo Vserossijskogo Central'nogo Ispolnitel'nogo Komiteta SovetovR., S., K. i K. Deputatov, 1918. [The East and Revolution. An attempt to build a new political program for the native countries of the East - India, Persia and China].
Шубин А.В. Социализм: «золотой век» теории. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2007. SHubin A.V. Socializm: «zolotojvek» teorii. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2007. [Socialism: the “golden age” of the theory].
Шубин А.В. Старт Страны Советов. Революция. Ноябрь 1917 – март 1918). СПб.: Питер, 2017. SHubin A.V. Start Strany Sovetov. Revolyuciya. Noyabr' 1917 – mart 1918). SPb.: Piter, 2017. [The start of the Country of Soviets. Revolution. November 1917 - March 1918)].
Юршин А.А. Колониальный вопрос и милитаризм в оценках германской социал-демократии (1890-1914 гг.). Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук. Воронеж: ВГУ, 2012. YUrshin A.A. Kolonial'nyj vopros imilitarizm v ocenkah germanskoj social-demokratii (1890-1914 gg.). Dissertaciya na soiskanie uchenoj stepeni kandidata istoricheskih nauk. Voronezh: VGU, 2012. [The Colonial Question and Militarism in the Assessments of German Social Democracy (1890-1914). Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences].